wulandari: Mei 2014

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives adalah kata sifat atau adjektiva yang menyatakan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Kata yang digunakan adalah my, your, our, their, his, her, its.

Possessive adjective diletakkan di depan kata benda, misalnya: my book, your friend, our family, their house, his darling, her hair, its tail, etc.

Contoh:
- My book is new.
- I’m sure you don’t want to listen to all my problems.
- Your friend is studying now.
-Don’t worry. It’s not your fault.
- Our family is very friendly.
- You can stay at our house.
- Their house will be sold.
- They washed their faces and went to bed.
- His darling lives in Surabaya.
- Leo took off his coat and sat down.
- Her hair makes everybody interested.
- She looked at her watch.
- I have a cat; its tail is very long.
- Turn the box on its side.

No	Subject	Object	Possesive Adjective	Possesive Pronoun
1	I	Me	My	Mine
2	We	Us	Our	Ours
3	You	You	Your	Yours
4	They	Them	Their	Theirs
5	She	Her	Her	Hers
6	He	Him	His	His
7	It	It	Its

Note

Possessive pronoun is used alone without a noun following it ( biasanya diakhir kalimat )
Possessive adjective is used only with a noun following it (diikuti kata benda)

When the Subject and the Object in a sentence refer to the same person or thing we use a Reflexive Pronoun.

It is the only area of English grammar that is reflexive.

Subject Pronouns	Reflexive Pronouns
I	Myself
You	Yourself
He	Himself
She	Herself
It	Itself
We	Ourselves
You (pl)	Yourselves
They	Themselves

If you are using YOU in the plural, the reflexive pronoun is yourselves.

Examples of sentences using reflexive pronouns:

My daughter likes to dress herself without my help.
I taught myself to play the guitar.
My cat always licks itself.

When to use reflexive pronouns

1. When the subject and the object refer to the same person or thing.

He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the vegetables.
She bought a present for herself.
We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
They injured themselves during the rugby match.
I enjoyed myself at the concert.
The dog is scratching itself – it must have fleas!

2. We use them for emphasis.

The author signed the book for me herself!
I did it myself.

3. In some cases we use it to have a similar meaning to also.

Annabelle was pretty happy last night. I was pretty happy myself.

When NOT to use reflexive pronouns

1. There are a number of verbs in English with which we rarely or never use reflexive pronouns (as they are in other languages).

They include: adapt, behave, complain, concentrate, get up, hide, lie down, meet, move, relax, remember, shave, shower, sit down.

2. After a preposition of place or location we use a personal pronoun and not a reflexive pronoun.

He put the backpack next to him.

Ourselves, Themselves and Each Other

1. We use each other when two or more people or things perform the same action to the other.

Our neighbors were shouting at each other all night.
My brothers always compete with each other in sport.

2. Take note of the difference between these two sentences:

Mark and Sarah killed themselves. (They each committed suicide).
Mark and Sarah killed each other. (Mark killed Sarah and she killed Mark).

Pengertian Gerund

Gerund adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari verb (kata kerja) dengan ditambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing dan berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).

Kata ini merupakan verbal, yaitu suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja, namun berfungsi sebagai part of speech lain. Verbal yang lain yaitu infinitive dan participle. Seperti verbal lainnya, kata ini lebih umum untuk menamai action (aksi) atau state of being (keadaan). Verbal ini dapat dipadukan dengan modifier dengan atau tanpa tambahan noun(s), pronoun(s), atau noun phrase membentuk gerund phrase. Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka harus ada verb lain dalam suatu kalimat.

Contoh Gerund:

Penggunaan dan Contoh Gerund

Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh kalimat gerund adalah sebagai berikut.

Penggunaan Gerund	Contoh Kalimat Gerund	Keterangan
Subject of a Sentence	Binging is a phase frequently done by a bulimic.	binging dan running merupakan subject of sentence
	Running may be hard for some people.
Direct Object	I hate waiting.	waiting merupakan direct object dari verb hate
	I hope they enjoy my writing.	writing merupakan direct object dari verb enjoy
Subject Complement	My bestfriend’s favorite activity is shopping.	shopping merupakan subject complement dari verb is
Object of a Preposition	They disscussed an article about telling the truth.	telling the truth dan removing some substatial data masing-masing merupakan object dari preposition about dan for
	The manager scolded the worker for removing some substantial data.
Appositive	His hobby, sailing, takes a lot of time.	sailing dan shopping merupakan appositives
	My bestfriend’s favorite activity, shopping, has made her spend much money.

Verb yang Diikuti Gerund

Verb yang diikuti oleh gerund dapat berupa verb tanpa tambahan agent atau dengan tambahan agent. Detail dan contohnya dalam kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut.

Kondisi	Contoh Verb	Contoh Kalimat Gerund
Tanpa tambahan agent	acknowledge, admit, advise, anticipate, appreaciate, avoid, begin, celebrate, consider, continue, deny, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, finish, forget, give up, hate, help, practice, prefer, recommend, regret, remember, start, stop, teach, understand	I hate working with him.
		The student has finished studying.
Perlu tambahan agent	hear, watch, see	We heard him singing the song. (him= agent)
		I saw the man walking on the street. (the man= agent)

Beberapa expression juga dapat diikuti oleh verbal ini, yaitu: worth, rather than, dan instead of.

Expression	Contoh Kalimat
Worth	It is worth reading the book.
Rather than	I prefer to sleep rather than going to the party.
Instead of	Instead of paying the baggage fees, she will only carry a small backpack.

Kapan Harus Menghindari Gerund?

Verbal ini perlu dihindari* penggunaannya ketika ada noun relevan berdasarkan kata kerja yang sama.

Contoh:

Your designs need some ~~improving~~. —> Your designs need some improvement.
The ~~activating~~ may take up to five minutes. —> The activation may take up to five minutes.

Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of charge).

Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence:

Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.

It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in Ib), but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement:

Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn.

The gerund can also play this role:

Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.

Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun Complement and Appositive:

Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.
I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.
Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within reach.

The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun.

advice appeal command decision desire fact instruction motivation	opportunity order permission plan possibility preparation proposal recommendation	refusal reminder request requirement suggestion tendency wish

Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)

She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.
She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.
But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.

Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.

ahead
amazed
anxious
apt
ashamed
bound
careful
certain
content
delighted

determined
disappointed
eager
eligible
fortunate
glad
happy
hesitant
liable
likely

lucky
pleased
proud
ready
reluctant
sad
shocked
sorry
surprised
upset

Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:

She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.
She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.

Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.

The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson.
What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?

And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:

Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.

Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to describe mental processes and resolutions. (Kolln)

Although it is seldom a serious problem for native English speakers, deciding whether to use a gerund or an infinitive after a verb can be perplexing among students for whom English is a second language. Why do we decide to run, but we would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid running, but we would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like running and would also like to run. It is clear that some verbs take gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some verbs take either. The following tables of verbs should help you understand the various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund.

Negative Agreement.

Either and neither funtion in simple statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

(Pemakaian either dan neither dalam sebuah simple statement sama dengan pemakaiannya dalam affirmative sentences. namun either dan neither digunakan untuk menunjukkan bentuk negatif. Dalam hal ini peraturan/formulanya sama dengan penggunaan be and do, does, or did.

Look at the following formula:

negative statement + and {subject + negative auxiliary or be + either. }

negative statement + and {neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.}

Examples of sentences:

I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning.